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Although this can be later converted and processed for other ways of using the data, which can be modified, if a file was being copied from one hard disk to another, the principle ensures that the data is transferred with high fidelity, because only each type of signal can only trigger one type of data write, in this case, a 1 or a 0. These responses from reading are converted into an electrical form that gets carried through the circuits. A data section reading "1", can only trigger one type of response, and "0" for the other. In this case, the read-write head acts as an intermediary. Unlike DNA, it only has two types of information, rather than four types, however, it still has a polar concept of transfer. The magnetised data on the disk consists of 1s and 0s. The same principle is applied digitally, in devices such as in hard disks, but in a different form. The technologies that were most commonly used in 1895 are identified in an 1895 description of the New York Business College's course program: "All important letters or documents are copied in a letter-book or carbon copies made, and instruction is also given in the use of the mimeograph and other labor-saving office devices." Biological copying In 1785, Jefferson was using both stationary and portable presses made by James Watt & Co.ĭuring the 19th century, a host of competing technologies were introduced to meet office copying needs.
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Letter copying presses were used by the early 1780s by people like Benjamin Franklin, George Washington, and Thomas Jefferson. In 1780 James Watt obtained a patent for letter copying presses, which James Watt & Co. For these purposes, offices employed copy clerks, also known as copyists, scribes, and scriveners.Ī few alternatives to hand copying were invented between the mid-17th century and the late 18th century, but none had a significant impact on offices.
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This technology continued to be prevalent through most of the 19th century. Until the late 18th century, if an office wanted to keep a copy of an outgoing letter, a clerk had to write out the copy by hand. Sometimes they want to circulate copies of documents they create to several interested parties. They usually need a copy of outgoing correspondence for their records. Offices need more than one copy of a document in a number of situations. Copy and paste is frequently used by a computer user when they select and copy an area of text or content.įurther information: Duplicating machines With digital forms of information, copying is perfect. This deterioration accumulates with each generation. There is some inevitable generation loss, deterioration and accumulation of " noise" (random small changes) from original to copy when copies are made. With analog forms of information, copying is only possible to a limited degree of accuracy, which depends on the quality of the equipment used and the skill of the operator. JSTOR ( October 2013) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)Ĭopying is the duplication of information or an artifact based on an instance of that information or artifact, and not using the process that originally generated it.Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. This article needs additional citations for verification.